Corporate Structure Of Nikon Corporation - 1944 Words

Nikon Corporation Nikon are well known for their digital cameras and creating advanced equipment such as; lithography systems and microscope solutions. On the 27th June 2014 they announced they were going to reorganise their corporate structure. Their main reason for the change being that it was needed to build a foundation designed to support sustainable growth and establish a robust corporate culture. Nikon announces reorganization of corporate structure. (2014, June 27). It is important that throughout the change process, the culture of the company is embraced and developed as, more stakeholders will embrace the changes if they relate to the company culture. Clampitt, P. G., Berk, L. R. (1996). There were a few key changes proposed, these were; to conduct fundamental structural reform, revitalise corporate strategy functions by creating a new corporate strategy division whose focus will be to plan and promote direction and strategy, strengthen the companies human resource management by utilizing human resources and providing more training, and to reinforce its business portfolio by generating and nurturing new businesses. Nikon announces reorganization of corporate structure. (2014, June 27). These changes were all purposed by the Nikon Corporation due to a change in environmental factors. The main factor that led to these purposed changes was that; the Nikon Corporations financial results were at a 3 year low. The environment in which they are a major part of isShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management Comparison Between Nikon and Cannon6298 Words   |  26 PagesNIKON VS CANON | STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS | | 4/1/2012 4/1/2012 Table of Contents Strategic Management Comparison between Nikon and Canon 3 Introduction 3 Nikon Company Background 4 Logo 4 History 5 Products 5 Canon Company Background 6 History 6 Logo 7 Products 7 Nikon Corporate Information 8 Mission 8 Vision 8 Canon corporate information 9 Mission 9 Vision 9 Corporate Philosophy 9 SWOT Analysis 10 Nikon 10 Strengths 10 Weaknesses 11 OpportunitiesRead Morecorporate strategy-sony Essay2386 Words   |  10 Pagesglobal conglomerate corporate group, so to keep organization growth and sustain in a long run, corporate strategy becomes much more important to Sony ‘. In this report, we will review the following issues: 1) Overall company background and brief proportion of business, 2) From core competency to diversification, 3) Today’s Sony, and future perspective 4) Recommendation and conclusion. After reading this report, you will have a better idea about the current corporate strategy of Sony andRead MoreThe History of Kodak Essay3026 Words   |  13 Pagesindustry morphed from a film-based market to a digital-based market. Kodak has struggled to successfully evolve its film-based business structure to the new structure of digital-based technology, which has allowed for competitors to enter the market, decreasing Kodak’s market share. Competitors (such as Canon Inc., Fuji Photo Film Co., Hewlett Packard Co., Nikon, and Sony Corp.) have posed major threats to Kodak’s livelihood. Kodak faces a 5% drop in film sales (2001-2003) and a 3% reduction inRead MoreThe Role of Situation Analysis for a Marketing Plan1485 Words   |  6 Pagessituation analysis for a Marketing Plan of J Boag Son Brewery. Analyzing situation prior a strategic decision is critical for generating or sustaining competitive advantages, especially when facing the dynamic environmental trend which can affect corporations’ performance positively or negatively. The main task for a situation analysis is to explore the external factors (that can imply what opportunities a firm should seize and what threats it has to pay caution to) and internal factors (that can tellRead MoreLeadership Assessment4632 Words   |  19 Pagesby acting in a way that was consistent with his vision he also communicated high performance expectations to his soldiers and displayed confidence in his followers’ abilities to achieve the vision (Williams, 2012). 2. Analyze the organizational structure and culture of the company for which you work to determine its approach to team development, and whether that approaches helped to enhance your relationship skills in the workplace. While serving in the United States Army we operated under sevenRead MoreStrategic Alliance : Sony Corporation And Toyota Motor Corporation5708 Words   |  23 PagesWireless – Mobile Phone Mirroring Strategic Alliance: Sony Corporation and Toyota Motor Corporation Eli Clanton Sita Giri Blue Ocean Strategy Dr. Douglas Turner University of West Georgia: MGNT 6681 July 20, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW 3 MISSION AND VISION 3 Sony Corporation 4 Toyota Motor Corporation 4 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 5 Strengths 5 Weaknesses 6 Value Chain 7 In- bound logistics 7 Operations 8 Outbound Logistics 9 Marketing and Sales 9 Service 10 Support Activities 10 EXTERNALRead More The Colonization of Hawaii and Tourism Essay4434 Words   |  18 Pagesromanticized pictures of Hawaiis lush, tropical vegetation, exotic animals, beautiful beaches, crystal clear water, and fantastical women. This is the Hawaii tourists know. This is the Hawai’i they visit. However, this Hawaii is a state of mind, a corporate-produced image existing on the surface. More precisely, it is an aftermath of relentless colonization of the islands native inhabitants by the United States. These native Hawaiians experience a completely different Hawaii from the paradise touristsRead MoreFormulation of Marketing Strategies to Improve Market Share4652 Words   |  19 Pagesorganization -ranging from the overall business (or group of businesses) through to individuals working in it.  Corporate Strategy -is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stakeholder expectations. This is a crucial level since it is heavily influenced by investors in the business and acts to guide strategic decision-making throughout the business. Corporate strategy is often stated explicitly in a mission statement.    Business Unit Strategy -is concerned more withRead MoreGlobal Strategy and Leadership10639 Words   |  43 Pagesoperations while it attempts to emerge a profitable and sustainable enterprise2. Kodak: Snapshot of an innovative icon slow to move with the times In filing for bankruptcy protection, Kodak executives say they are seeking to follow the path of US corporations that have reinvented themselves after a court-supervised reorganisation, like United Airlines and Chrysler. Antonio Perez, the company’s oft-criticised chief executive who has been trying to turn the company around since 2005, said the bankruptcyRead MoreCultural Analysis Thailand9709 Words   |  39 Pagesreligious beliefs of all without persecution. Social Structures and Organizations As with all Asian cultures, maintaining one’s position in the social structure is an important characteristic in the overall makeup of the culture. Status is a key element in the success of a person in the region. Class structure. Thais place high value on titles and status, the social structure is much the same in that the status of the various structures based on seniority, status and personal connections (Pornpitakpan

Personal Statement Personal Philosophies - 1888 Words

8 ECE 525 Yiyin Wang Personal Philosophies First of all, I want to introduce myself, I?m original from China. I love kids, so I want to be a teacher. I think children are very pure than anything. I would like to share with them my experience to help them find their own way. And I believed that everything beginning from Zero, if you want to learn, you will learn a lot. Mathematic is my favorite subjects. I believed that it should connect with real world, for instance it can connect with money. And I believed that math teacher should prepare hands-on activities to help children to explore math, do not just read text book or give students theory that is not good for children to understand. Meanwhile, the teacher should hold children interested to frost children self-motivation for math. When I am students, I love learn math, which I would like to thank for my elementary math teacher, she is pretty activity. She prefer to use a lot of hands-on games to let students to explore. Which is really have huge influence on me. And when I took Dr. Pourdavood class which gave me more confidences to match up with my own believed. Students learn in different ways and at different rates. There are some ideas about way people learn that I believe are universal and which I learned and believed. Students learn best by doing: Experiencing a cube is more potent than a teacher telling a student that a cube is a six-sided figure with squares on each side. Students need a rich supply ofShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Personal Leadership Philosophy1494 Words   |  6 PagesSubj: PERSONAL LEADERSHIP PHILOSOPHY 1. Leadership is all around us regardless of position. Everyone, in some manner, has the opportunity to lead and make an impact whether at home or at work, low on the rank structure or at the top of the proverbial food chain. A successful leader is someone who has a vision, strong core values, a servant and someone who can win the hearts of those to whom they are leading to accomplish a mission; leaders work themselves outRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Philosophy Essay1914 Words   |  8 Pageswrong, but it is when we mature and start having more independence that our morals and ethics are put to the test. Everyone has an ethical boundary which will never change regardless of a financial, professional, or career situation. Personally, my personal credo is unique to me because of various situations and events I have gone through in my own journey. Every minute of life defines who you are and who you will be. Because of various events and how I was raised, I have unique characteristics andRead MoreDraft Of Personal Philosophy Statement1268 Words   |  6 Pages7-2 Final Project Milestone Three: Draft of Personal Philosophy Statement In the field of higher education, I will welcome with open arms, accept, affirm, and celebrate all students by creating an environment that is equal and inclusive for all people regardless of their race, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, cultural background, religion, family structure, economic status, learning ability, linguistic ability, and/or learning style. I will create an environment that includes positive, challengingRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Leadership Philosophy1439 Words   |  6 Pageswhat that meant. Not only did I not know what charisma meant but I had no idea what that statement meant or should mean to me. Those words stuck with me though and I often wondered what he really meant and sometimes still do. However, I have been on a quest, probably for most of my life, not to be a leader, but a searcher for the main purpose of the entire process of developing my personal leadership philosophy, and in reflection on the impact of many leaders in whic h I have encountered over the lastRead MorePersonal Statement : Philosophy And Goals1193 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy and Goals My philosophy and goals are not something that I have sat and pondered, not until something happens in my life that makes me take a step back and examine who I am and what I want out of life. In order to find that out, I will need to reflect upon what my purpose or mission in life is and how it relates to the way I conduct myself and the choices I make. I have set goals throughout my life, but I need to make sure they are laid out in such a way that working towards them promotesRead MorePersonal Statement Of Teaching Philosophy1254 Words   |  6 PagesStatement of Teaching Philosophy Stephanie Speicher, M.Ed. â€Å"I regard it as the foremost task of education to insure the survival of these qualities: an enterprising spirit, tenacity in pursuit, readiness for sensible self-denial, and above all compassion† Hahn, K. (1957, p.10). Outward bound. New York City: World Books. Foundation – The Sunrise I stood watching the sunrise on the final day of a weeklong backpack/rock climbing training with my college orientation program. The tears streamed downRead MorePersonal Philosophy Statement On Diversity1784 Words   |  8 PagesPersonal Philosophy Statement on Diversity in MFT â€Å"The multicultural training movement has indeed contributed to a greater and much needed understanding of the differences among various racial, ethnic, and cultural groups (Speight, Myers, Cox and Highlen, 1991).† In looking at this statement counselors will need to expand their thinking outside of the Western European contexts. There is a difference between Western culture and other cultures. Sue Sue, 2012 states â€Å" each cultural/racial group mayRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Philosophy Of Education1193 Words   |  5 PagesMy philosophy of education is that every child should receive high quality education that is inclusive, relevant and meaningful to their life. I am a firm believer of making pedagogy relatable to my students. My vision is driven by my personal experiences with the American school system. I was what is thought of as â€Å"A child at risk†. I am an immigrant, black, Muslim student. My life is complex as I am a part of multiple m arginalized groups. Most of my teachers looked at me in a pity way. They alwaysRead MorePersonal Statement On Teaching Philosophy759 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy I see students as the next generations’ heroes in so many fields. In my vision, I have to inspire students and prepare them with confidence, knowledge, experience and skills. Which means I encourage, communicate, guide, teach, and assess students in order to enrich their infrastructures. The instructor-student treatment have huge impacts on the educational progress and honesty. The more encouragement I offer results in an increased trust and responsibility by students. Both increaseRead MorePersonal Statement Of Teaching Philosophy979 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Teaching Philosophy M. Th. Hassan The student is the key element in the education process and teaching is in the heart of this process. The mentor should direct the student in his journey of study, and give him/her a clear space for creativity. My primary goal will be to help the students to think about their own thinking so they are able to recognize shortcomings and correct their reasoning as they go, as well as develop their skills, to be independent scholars. I am a lifelong learner

1930s America-Feminist Void free essay sample

The 1920s have long been touted as an age of female enlightenment, as women set a course of equality and cracked the foundations of womens sphere. Portraits were drawn of stereotypical 20s femmes; crimson-lipped, bob-haired and befringed flappers peering down their ivory cigarette holders at restrictive Victorian mores; stalwart, placard-toting suffragettes proclaiming the need for female political activism; fresh-faced college coeds donning crisp shirtwaists to tap out office memos on shiny modern typewriters. American women contested traditional views of the female as moral guardian and domestic servant and challenged the nation to accept their egalitarian beliefs. But after the initial surge of support for womens rights with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, feminist fervor diminished throughout the latter 20s and all but disappeared during the Depression. And with that reduced support for womens rights came a renewed promotion of the traditional belief that women belonged in the home not in the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on 1930s America-Feminist Void ? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although the Equal Rights Amendment, which was first introduced to Congress in December, 1923, continued to be bandied about in Congressional committees, opinion magazines rarely gave the issue a positive mention, and it seemed far removed from public concern. The 1930s brought apple-sellers to city street corners and breadlines to urban charity houses. In a depressed economy, unemployment figures escalated and federal forces concentrated on bringing Americans back to work. Or, more accurately, bringing American men back to work. For society viewed working women as un-American money grubbers, stealing jobs from men who needed them to support their families. Those who were concerned with feminist issues were further divided on how to concentrate their efforts. Many believed that garnering the right to vote was all the legislative support they needed, so they turned their attention to other concerns, such as the peace and welfare improvement movements. Some demanded protective work legislation, while others remained adamant in pushing for equal treatment in the job market. And still others were swayed by the not-so-subtle proddings of government forces to forget the issue of feminist rights until economic hardship had ended. Gone were the new women of the 20s: the 30s women floundered in a decade devoid of significant gains in the struggle for sexual equality. The League of Women Voters exemplified the notion that the fight for womens rights ended with the passage of the 19th Amendment. In 1931, the leagues president went so far as to claim that nearly all discriminations have been removed. But others noted that women failed to vote in a bloc, and that many failed to even consider womens issues when casting their ballots. Therefore, many issues concerning women or issues promoted by women reformers simply failed from lack of support. Ironically, the 1930s began with the tenth anniversary of womans suffrage, but any attention to the matter revealed that in those ten years, women had had little effect on the political world. Josephine McGowan writes in t he Commonweal: The 19th Amendment has wrought no miracle in politics. It has neither brought about dire consequences foretold by the anti-suffragist nor yet produced the millennium of which the pioneers dreamed. McGowan noted that while women gained the right to vote, many were indifferent to their new privilege and remained uninformed on current issues. Politics was still considered a mans concern, and most women did not have the motivation to challenge this view. Lacking now the central issue of suffrage to rally around, many feminists turned from lobbying for womens rights to promote other reform efforts. Becoming locked into the paradigm of morality role, many women became staunch promoters of the peace movement. Others turned their attention to welfare issues, spurred by the same drive that encouraged prohibitionists of the past. While these efforts were laudable, this divergence had the effect of leading women away from the concept of equal rights into separate channels that would rival each other and diminish any chance of a unified womans movement. Such disparity did not bode well for the Equal Rights Amendment. Discussion passed through Senate and House committees, until 1936, when the House Subcommittee favored the ERA for the first time and endorsed the amendment. In 1938, the Senate judiciary Committee reported it onto the floor. During the 1940 presidential race, the ERA became an election issue for the first time when the Republican party offered its support to the cause. But opposition to the idea of equal rights far outweighed the meager support it received. Even among supporters, differing ideologies clashed. Senate hearings in 1931 revealed that the Womens Party supported the amendment as a protection from the current discrimination against women in salary, hiring and education. Listing approximately 1,000 discriminatory state laws including laws in 11 states which gave a husband control over his wifes wages the party argued against those who the ERA would weaken protective legislation. Such legislation often restricted the number of hours a woman could work, or the type of labor she could perform, making her less competitive in the industrial workforce. Indeed, the split of female opinion on this issue would be divisive, as clear cut feminists refused protective legislation on the principle that it impeded equal rights for men and women, while other women perhaps recalling the exploitation of women workers in 19th century sweatshops asked for special legislation to protect women from unscrupulous employers. Support for male and female differentiation strengthened during the 30s after a decade of decline. Even those women who did manage to break into the political spectrum failed to unite women in a common struggle for equal rights. Caroline ODay, elected to Congress in 1932, opposed the ERA because of its feared impact on protective legislation. As a social worker and member of the Consumer League, she believed women needed a governmental shield from labor evils. Hattie Caraway of Arkansas became the first woman senator popularly elected to her seat and won re-election in 1938, but though she broke an important barrier . . . she accomplished little else. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, praised for seeking the advice of women in his administration, named Frances Perkins as the first woman cabinet member. But she herself asserted that married women ought not shirk their responsibilities to their families by seeking outside employment. McGowan further commented: In ten years, we have seen the political potentialities of women voters recognized by farseeing politicians who have rather grudgingly in many instances taken them into the councils of their parties, making them vice-chair of this or that local or state national committee; for the time has not yet arrived when men will voluntarily entrust to women the actual dispensation of party authority or patronage. Feminists who did manage to retain a sense of urgency in stirring enthusiasm and public support for equal rights had to face an antagonistic majority of their society, who felt that a woman put her talents to their best use in the domestic environs of her family. In the Atlantic, Albert Jay Nock pandered to feminine pride in agreeing that women could perform as well as their male counterparts and had demonstrated that fact for centuries. He then fell into the same tired truisms of emphasizing womans sphere, implying that the female must stand firm in her role as moral model. He stated, Women can civilize a society and men cannot. Nocks article remains an interesting mirror of the popular opinion of the day. He upheld the stereotyping of men as children, unburdened by the responsibility of civilization. He expressed the stereotypical view that women needed to concentrate on applying their civilizing skills and avoid centering on the over-stressed, predominantly male-oriented instinct of workmanship. When women expended their energies demanding equal rights in the workplace, Nock argued, they allowed their more spiritual and artistic instincts to deteriorate. He seemed to look upon women in the workforce as acceptable, though unnecessary, additions. One may easily see how our society, if it had to, might get on without women lawyers, physicians, stockbrokers, aviators, preachers, telephone operators, hijackers, buyers, cooks, dressmakers, bus conductors, architects. He went on to assert that society could not survive, however, without women serving as a civilizing force. Nock, and the majority of the U. S. population, believed that women could civilize not through roles as legislators, educators, administrators or preachers, but through the comforting domain of their immediate households. Only in molding their young ones and prodding their husbands toward responsible action could women serve their natural purpose. He stated: Our society cannot be civilized through womens attainment of the ends that feminism has hitherto set before them, laudable and excellent as those are. It can be civilized by giving an intelligent direction to the interest and purchasing power of women. His feminine ideal of woman as intelligent consumer, while insulting to the many who found themselves struggling to produce as well, was well received in 1931. The key cause of this readiness to accept any excuse to remove women from their quest for equal rights stemmed from the increasing competition in the job market. Economic hardship forced many women into the working world, but the scarcity of jobs made men resent the added number of individuals struggling for positions. Throughout the 1930s, the sexist request that women refrain from entering the realm of the employed to solve the mens unemployment problem came from labor unions, state and federal governments, and employers alike. Efforts were made to remove married women from the workforce. A 1932 American anti-nepotism law for government workers stated that only one spouse could work. While the law did not specifically state that the wife should be the one discharged, three out of every four who were dismissed under the law were female. Once again, prominent women only enforced these sexist tendencies. Mrs. Samuel Gompers proclaimed, A home, no matter how small, is large enough to occupy [a wifes] mind and time. She called women working outside the home unnatural and chided them (or taking jobs from men who needed them. The Womens Bureau asserted that wives who held outside jobs were destroying the integrity of their families. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins supported the concept of family wages. Mary Dewson, who organized the Womens Division of the Democratic Party in 1932, believed women possessed specific qualities best suited for the sanctity and security of the home. Protective legislation further ca rried out such female restriction. Under the guise of looking out for the needs of women, these laws counteracted every effort made toward equal economic rights for men and women. It was almost always assumed that women had different needs arising from their actual or indeed, and this was even more harmful, their potential role as mother, which made the search for equality not only irrelevant but possibly dangerous. Alma Lutz addressed this problem in her Atlantic article, indicating that the very laws which initially seemed to benefit women were actually menaces. In protecting women, they regulated their work and questioned their right to work. She argued that women had proven themselves capable, competent workers, and should therefore enjoy legislation insuring equal pay for equal work, instead of laws that placed them in special classes. What the Lutz article addressed and what few men and women were willing to admit -was the discriminatory nature of protective legislation. In accepting special privileges, Lutz maintained, women were forced to accept lower wages to remain competitive with men. The alternative was unemployment. Men, who viewed the flood of women in the marketplace with alarm, were the greatest advocates of special legislation for women, hoping that it would curb the hiring of women. Lutz pointed out, however, that such laws would eventually hurt men as well, as they in turn would be forced to accept reduced pay to compete with the women who worked for less. Because women were paid lower wages than men for the same work, employers tended to keep them when cutting down the payrolls. During the 1930s, the percentage of masters degrees and doctorates earned by women dropped significantly. While female university education increased substantially, those who attended college found the formerly high quality comprehensive education replaced by classes that emphasized training for womens roles in the household. Womens magazines promoted the virtues of motherhood and homemaking, condemning those who became involved in areas outside womens sphere. Without training or public support, the 30s working woman faced numerous obstacles in fighting for a suitable job. The public failed to admit that women composed a large sector of the working class and could not be dismissed with the passage of a few laws. Most were not working for the thrill of a career, but to keep their families sheltered and fed. Lutz encouraged society to accept women in the workplace. Mens wages in industrial sections frequently could not support a modern-sized family, and the increasing percentage of employed married women reflected that problem. Lutz reiterated that many women were no longer supported by their husbands and needed to work to survive the Depression. In some households, in fact, the wife left her husband in charge of caring for the home and children while she worked an outside job. But while the number of married women in the work force actually increased by 50 percent between 1930 and 1940 despite the Depression -women found enormous obstacles blocking their entry into certain fields. Most women found work in factory and clerical jobs, as traditional barriers against women in professional fields loomed higher. Instead of glamorous professions, 36 percent of working wives entered domestic and personal services, while another 20 percent were in apparel and canning factories. Those who were in lower-level professions, such as elementary and high school teaching, found men displacing them for higher pay. In 1939, the median salary of a male teacher was $1,953 a year, while female teachers received only $1,394. So while large numbers of women worked during the Depression, their status actually decreased. The non-unionization of women was one cause. The American Federation of Labor was established for organized, skilled, craft workers, and most women still held unskilled factory jobs. In addition, most unions continued to view women as temporary workers. But most prevalent were sexist attitudes that blocked women from entering unions and allowing women workers to organize. Samuel Gompers claimed that the AFL was not prejudiced, it just wouldnt accept any nonassimilable race. Lutz encouraged men to recognize the benefits of allowing women to join unions: If . . . en will encourage women to organize, if together they will work for equal pay for equal work, for an adequate wage for both, they will be able to maintain a higher wage standard.. It is strange that the American Federation of Labor does not see this. But the AFL did not see a need to include women, and neither did the broad majority of the U. S. population. Suffragists failed to inspire a new generation of women to use the 19th Amendment as a springboard to gaining equa l rights. Most seemed to ignore the advances made by the 20s modern women, as attention drifted to reviving the flagging economy. Instead of employment and benefits to male and female alike, women were shuttled back into the home, to be protected and sentimentalized over once again. Albert Jay Nock expressed the popular view: Hence feminism can no longer get up an argument on the thesis that women can do anything that men can do. All interest in that contention has died out; everybody has stopped thinking in those terms, and our militant feminists are reduced to pushing minor issues, to smoothing out relatively petty inequalities of legal status, and the like. Interest in feminist thought had waned, and few gave proper attention to those petty inequalities of legal status that needed to be ironed out. The 30s, then, proved to be a decade devoid of equal rights support. After the 1920s fervor of change, the struggle for egalitarian ideals faltered. Some were satisfied with the effects of the 19th Amendment, some turned their attention to other matters of social justice, some felt women could be better aided by protective legislation, but most still believed that women belonged at home. Without making a concentrated push for equal rights, women were forced to accept specialized roles in the domestic sphere or reduced status in the mans world. Lulled by messages of womens sphere, the American women of the 30s returned to their homes or accepted their low-status jobs with the unsettling notion that they were abandoning their proper responsibilities. Progressive ideals of equality, fine for contemplation during economic boom times, failed to proliferate during a period of economic turmoil.

Malaria in Women and Children in Sub

Introduction Globally, the complexity of diseases and associated treatment costs forms one of the greatest impediments to developments. This is because, governments are spending millions of dollars in trying to improve the health conditions of their citizens, a factor that takes many funds that could be helpful in other development sectors such as industrialization. For example, consider the recent outbreak of swine flu.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Malaria in Women and Children in Sub-Saharan Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To ensure the well-being of their citizens, most affected nations had to (and some are still spending) millions of dollars; probably funds that nations never meant to spend on their health sectors. Although the case is common in all nations, that is, spending of many funds on healthcare, developing nations are the ones that are feeling the greatest pinch from such pandemic s. This is because, most of the developing nations adopt health policies that lay little emphasis on the necessity of preventive treatment due to scarcity of funds or lack of supportive technologies for early detection of infections. Although one can argue that, economic problems are major cause of such problems, as Molnar (pp. 6-14) argues, to some extent the many differences that exist among societies can be contributing factors to problems many developing countries face, more so when it comes to manifestations of disease and genetic make-ups as concerns resistance to diseases. For instance, the major reason why Africa is one of the continents affected by diseases, is due to segregations; racially, that have existed since time memorial. It is important to mote that, this to larger extent had nothing to do with the concept of diseases among developing countries because; genetic make-ups are products of biological processes, whereas racial segregation is a human factor. Loring (pp. 12-36) supports this fact; racial differentiation is a human created thing, although evolution theories contradict this by arguing that, the whole concept lacks the required biological prove, hence a human perception. Considering this, Africa is one of the most affected areas by infectious diseases that have caused numerous deaths, which translates into many social and economic problems. Common diseases that have affected the African continent include malaria, HIV and AIDS, diseases resulting due to malnutrition, and anemia. Of all these, malaria is the most prevalent, whereby women; mostly pregnant women, and young children are the ones who have felt the greatest impact of the pandemic.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although many African governments have put in place many measures to deal with the malaria condition, still the diseases is a threat due to many deaths that result either from late detection of the disease, or lack of medication. It is important to note here that, although the whole of Africa has felt the impact of the pandemic, sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected; something that results either due to ignorance or due to lack of proper medical care (Nosotro Para. 1-3). This paper will discuss concepts of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa in children and women, and the resulting impacts it has on communities. Background Information Although malaria is a common pandemic globally, the disease is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa; a condition that results primarily due to the economic status of most Sub-Saharan African countries. In many nations, the disease is fatal because it shares signs with other common ailments, something that makes its early detection hard hence, translating to many deaths and associated complications for example madness (caused by cerebral malaria; although not very common). Globally, malaria solely causes m ore than two and half million deaths annually, majority of which are young infants and children of age below ten years. The condition is more adverse in sub-Saharan Africa in that, research studies have shown that, in Africa only, in a time span of one hour two children are succumbing to malaria, something that translates to approximately 1 million deaths annually in continentally. In addition, hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa handle almost a half a million malaria infection cases monthly, whereby some recover from the disease, whereas others will succumb to death depending on the condition of the disease in one. Children death numbers as a result of malaria and its associated complications approximately total to a figure ranging from 75, 000 to 200, 000 annually in sub-Saharan Africa.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Malaria in Women and Children in Sub-Saharan Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note here that, malaria is never discriminative that is, women; more so pregnant mothers have not been spared by the disease either. This pandemic causes approximately 10, 000 mother deaths on annual basis (Jhpiego p.1).The highest reported death toll is in rural areas and some urban suburbs, a fact that majority of medical researchers attribute to poor economic conditions of these areas. In addition, research findings have proved that, in some areas the increased death numbers results due increased ignorance among some native communities, because some still embrace olden ways of dealing with the pandemic. On the other hand, it is important to note that, another common affected population, where women and young children never lack, is the populations with migratory tendencies. This is because in most cases, these populations move through mosquito-infested areas with little safeguards from mosquito bites. In addition, considering the state of some areas where these po pulations migrate to, the death toll is high. Primarily, this is the case in such regions because most of them lack health facilities, or incase such health facilities are available, there is no enough medication to deal with the number of malaria cases that arise. The main reason why most pregnant women and young children succumb to malaria is because; most of them have low immunity levels towards attack from this infection. In some scenarios, the condition is worse primarily because, depending on the dietary provisions that this pregnant mothers and young children get, the immunity of most of them is at stake hence easily succumb to malaria attacks (Donnelly and Klinkenberg et al. Para. 5-6). Causes and Treatment of Malaria The main causative agents of malaria are insects of the plasmodium family, primarily the female anopheles mosquito. In Sub-Saharan Africa there exist more than three species of mosquitoes however, is important to note that, not all of them transmit malaria. Dep ending on the incubation period that the parasite takes in an individual, sometimes it is very hard to detect the malaria in early stages, something that can result in many other health complications.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Depending on specific regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, treatment recommendations vary. For example, because most areas of West Africa have forests, the most common type of malaria in most of its regions is the falciparum type. Therefore, the most common type of drug used in this region is mefloquine or Malarone. The case is a little bit different as one enters the desert-covered areas due to seasonal variations. That is, there are few rainy seasons in desert areas hence, cases of malaria occur only during the rainy season (Marshall P.1). Because of ignorance and lack of know how among many individuals in these marginalized areas, it sometimes becomes hard to tame the disease. Mothers and young children are the most affected because in most cases, they need specialized medicines, which are rare in these areas or in case they exist, accessing them is a problem. Effects of Malaria and Social Impacts on Communities Malaria is one of the diseases that have caused adverse effects to many co mmunities in sub-Saharan Africa. This is because, due the vulnerability of most individuals to malaria infections, most societies are spending millions of funds to tame the disease. In addition, malaria has many social impacts on communities in that, the numerous deaths resulting from the pandemic has left many children orphans, a factor that has contributed to the increased poverty levels in communities. It is important to note here that, malaria largely has contributed to the increasing number of deaths resulting from HIV and AIDS infection. This is because malaria is one of the primary opportunistic infections that accelerate the decrease in immunity levels in individuals, hence leading to early deaths of most HIV and AIDS patients (Korenromp, Williams, and Vlas p.1). This disease is one of the biggest threats to the existence of the human species. This is because; malaria is one of the biggest burdens to humans due to the associated costs that it is causing societies in terms of treatment funds and deaths. Malaria is associated with much premature mortality, in that it threatens more than thirty five million of sub-Saharan Africa inhabitants. The fact that annually more than seventy five thousand infant deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa supports this, hence showing the magnitude of the disease effects in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is one of the major causes of the alleviated poverty levels in the society. This is because; malaria is one of the major obstacles to economic advancement of a society, translating to poor health conditions. The social-economic conditions of most countries in sub-Saharan Africa can attest this, primarily because of the alleviated number of deaths that result from malaria and its associated opportunistic infections for example, anemia. Because of the economic retardation that result from malaria, the living conditions of majority of inhabitants of this region has deteriorated, whereby the most affected are women and children (be ing the most vulnerable members of the society). Majority of women and children in sub-Saharan Africa depend on their spouses as their main sources of livelihoods. This in many ways has resulted to the increased poverty levels, a fact that becomes more complicated incase malaria attacks. This is because most of them cannot afford to purchases the required medication, nor maintain the required dietary needs. On the other hand, because it is the duty of women to perform most home chores, sometimes malaria overburdens them with the duty of taking care of sick malaria patients, whereby in most cases they have little to offer because of their economic conditions (Pearson p.1). Most cultural orientations of most African societies lay little emphasis on the importance of women in the society. Although in some communities, the situation is changing still some communities cherish the practice, hence marginalizing women when it comes to other societal developments. Malaria in many ways has be en a constraining factor when it comes to women development and active participation in the society as concerns development initiatives. This is due to the fact that, the entire burden of taking care of sick members of the society rests with women. Hence, malaria being one of the common diseases, it is a major contributor to the low development levels of women, due to the fact that, from time to time women have to withdraw from participating in other development activities and offer support as far as talking care of the malaria patients is concerned. To children malaria is a big problem also. This is because consider a case where a child is born of a mother with malaria. Most of these mothers give birth to anemic children with low birth weights, a condition that greatly affects a children’s future development. This mostly happens when a child survives through maternal illness times. The case is different when it comes to children who cannot survive through times when their mo thers are under attack from malaria. In this regard, malaria is one of the leading diseases that have contributed greatly to the increased numbers of child mortality cases. It is important to note here that, research findings ascertain that, the occurrence of malaria is more rampant in pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant women. This is because majority of pregnant women’s immunity levels towards infections are low because in some cases the parasites hide in the placental walls. Most parasitic attacks on the placenta have adverse effects on pregnancy in that, in some cases some pre-mature births occur, whereby in most scenarios of this like a nature the likelihoods of a child surviving are low. These pre-mature births results primarily because, most parasitic attacks on the placenta can cause abnormal labor pains. It is necessary to note here that, pre-mature births not only put a child’s survival at stake, but also it risks a mother’s life because of heal th complications that may result during the process, whereby chances of surviving are minimal (Snow and Guyatt pp. 760-762). To the community malaria’s effects are many primarily because the well being of a community depends of the health status of its members. Malaria is a major impediment to development in communities in that, most communities have dedicated their funds towards treating the disease. This has greatly contributed to the current existing poverty levels in most sub-Saharan countries in Africa. In addition, due to the looming poverty in most African countries, the condition is worse when it comes to treatment of malaria because; most individuals cannot afford the required medication to treat the disease. Therefore, because of deteriorated medical conditions many deaths occur, a factor that disintegrates a society’s social systems and relationships hence, affecting a society’s peaceful state. Conclusion In conclusion, for sure malaria is a major pro blem in sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, due to this, it is important for combination of efforts of both national and international organizations, in helping sub-Saharan Africa to alleviate threats that this disease is causing. This is so because, this region has a major role it plays as concerns the well-being of global economies. On the other hand, governments within this region should insist on the importance of preventive measures rather than curative measures. This is due to the fact that, in preventing the occurrence of malaria, many nations can reduce the costs they incur in treating the disease. In addition, it is important for nations to realize that, preventive measures can also reduce the number of deaths that result from malaria, hence ensuring a healthy working population. Works Cited Donnelly, Martin, Klinkenberg, Eveline, Lengeler, Christian, Bates, Imelda, D’Alessandro, Umberto, Barnish, Guy, Konradsen, Flemming, Townson, Harold, Trape, Jean, Hastings, Ian, and Mute ro, Clifford. Malaria and urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria Journal 4(12) (2005): 12. Web. http://www.malariajournal.com/content/4/1/12 Jhpiego. Malaria prevention and treatment. 2009. Web. http://www.jhpiego.jhu.edu/whatwedo/malaria.htm Korenromp, Eline, Williams, Brian, and Vlas, Sake. Malaria attributable to the HIV- 1 epidemic, Sub-Saharan Africa: results. Medscape Today. Web. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/512027_3 Loring c. Brace. â€Å"Race† is a four-letter word: the genesis of the concept.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Marshall, Helen. Guidelines for malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Net  Doctor. 2010. Web.25 Feb. 2010. http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/travel/malaria_prevention/subsaharan_africa.htm Molnar, Stephen. Human variation: Races, types and ethnic groups (6th e.d.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Nosotro, Rit. Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hyper History. 2010. Web. http://www.hyperhistory .net/apwh/essays/comp/cw23diseaseafrica.htm Pearson, Chris. The economic effects of Malaria and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.  Pigeon Project. 2010. Web. http://pigeonproject.com/2009/11/01/the-economic-effects-of-malaria-and-poverty-in-sub-saharan-africa/ Snow, Robert, and Guyatt, Helen. Impact malaria during Pregnancy on low birth weight In Sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17(4) (2004): 760-769. Web. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/17/4/760 This research paper on Malaria in Women and Children in Sub-Saharan Africa was written and submitted by user Jaydin J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.